三、非谓语动词 不定式（to + V）
动名词
分词-ing
分词-ed
（一）动词不定式（to+动词原形）
动词不定式的语法功能可以做除谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。
（1）作主语
不定式或不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。如：
To serve the people well is our duty.
动词不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，用引导词it作形式主语。上述句子也可改为：
It is our duty to serve the people well.
类似这样不定式做主语的句型有：
It is + n.+ to do
It takes sb.+ some time + to do
It is +adj.+ for sb.+ to do
It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do
例如：
It is our duty to help them.
It will take you quite a long time to finish it.
It is easy for us to answer this question.
It is kind of you to help me.
注：
（1）for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy，hard，difficult，interesting，impossible等：
（2）of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good，kind，nice，clever，foolish，right等。
（2）作宾语
We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.
注意：
如果不定式作宾语而又跟有补语，这时，通常要用“it”作形式宾语，而将不定式放到补语后面去。
例如：
他们发现提前把一切都准备好是不可能的。
×They found to get everything ready in advance impossible.
宾语 宾补
×They found to get everything ready in advance is impossible.
√They found it impossible to get everything ready in.
宾补 宾语
advance.
再看下面的两个例句：
I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings.
Robert doesn't think it advisable for Mary to be on a diet.
（3）作定语
This is the best way to solve the problem.
注意：
①用不定式作定语时，它与它所修饰的词有时是动宾关系，所以如果不定式是不及物动词，其后面应跟上必要的介词。
例如：
Mary needs a friend to play with.
There is nothing to worry about.
Because air pollution has been greatly reduced，this city is still _____ .
A.a good place to live
B.a good place for living in
C.a good place to be lived in
D.a good place to live in
答案：D
②不定式作定语，如果与他所修饰的词是动宾关系，则不定式后面不能再带宾语。
例如：
×Here is a letter for you to type it.
√Here is a letter for you to type.
×The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.
√The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for.
同时要注意：在这类结构中，常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。
（4）作状语
In order to overcome difficulties，we must work hard.
注意：
①不定式能够修饰作表语或宾语补足语的形容词，在句中作状语，这时不定式不能再带宾语。
例如：
√The water is unfit to drink.
×The water is unfit to drink it.
√They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand.
×They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand it.
同时要注意：在这类结构中，常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。
②作状语的不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。
例如：
×To save money，the bus was taken instead of plane.
√To save money，we took the bus instead of plane.
让我们看一道2005年11月份的三级试题：
To succeed in a scientific experiment，______.
A.one needs being patient person.
B.patience is to need.
C.one needs to be patient.
D.patience is what needed.
答案：C
2、不定式的逻辑主语
如要表明不定式或不定式的动作发出者（即逻辑主语），就要在不定式前用for＋名词（或代词的宾格）。如：
Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass？
The conference is too important for you to miss.
3、不定式的时态和语态
不定式有一般、完成、进行等几种常用的形式，也有主动和被动语态的区别。以study为例：
主动/被动一般式to study；to be studied
进行式to be studying
完成式to have studied；to have been studied
（1）不定式的时态
不定式的一般式（to do）所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作是同时发生，或是在其后发生的。如：
Thousands of young people are learning to ski.
不定式的进行式（to be doing）所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时进行的，而且是正在进行的。如：
They seemed to be getting along quite well.
不定式的完成进行时（to have done）表示限于谓语动词之前发生的动作或状态，to have + V-ed 表示动作，to have been 表示状态。如：
She seems to have finished her work.
不定式的完成进行时表示动作在谓语动词之前发生，而且一直进行着。如：
She was happy to have been staying with her aunt.
（2）不定式的语态
每个不定式都有其逻辑主语，如果逻辑主语是动作的发出者，不定式用主动式，如果其逻辑主语是动作的承受者，不定式用被动式。如：
The doctor recommended him to air the room.
医生建议他打扫房间。
The doctor recommended the room to be aired.
医生建议打扫房间。
考试重点：使用不带to的不定式的几种情况
（1）在口语中，以why开头的简单问句中。例如：
Why do it that way？
Why not go out for a walk？
（2）某些使役动词，如make，let，have等后面跟动词不定时作宾语补足语时，用省略to的不定式。如：
Let him do it.让他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。
（3）表示生理感觉的动词后接不定时作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to这类词有：
feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 hear听到
watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知
notice注意 see看见 look at看
注意：
表示 “感觉”的动词，既可以用不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语，又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语，但两者有含义上的差别。现在分词作这些动词的宾语补足语，表示动作的进行，以不带to的不定式作这些动词的宾语补足语，表示动作的完成。
例如：
I heard her playing the violin.
我听到她在拉小提琴。
I don't see the ball break the window.
我没有看到球砸坏玻璃。
注意：
上述使役动词与感觉动词转换为被动结构时，其后的不定式需带to，如：
He was seen to come.
The boy was made to go to bed early.
（4）在do nothing／anything／everything but（except）结构中。例如：
Last night I did nothing but watch TV.
昨天晚上，除了看电视，我什么也没干。
但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but（except）所跟的不定式则仍须带to。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.
医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。
There was nothing for them to do but remain silent.
除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别的办法。
记忆口诀：
前面有do，后面省to，前面无do，后面带to。
（5）下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法，只能用省to的不定式形式。
can not help but do（不得不）
can not but do（不得不）
cannot choose but do（只能）
have no choice but do （只能）
had better do（最好）
would rather do（宁愿）
例如：
When I consider how talented he is as a painter，I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
不定式练习
翻译下列句子：
走路去那里十分钟就到了。（考查不定式做主语的句型）
下一步做什么还没定。（考查疑问词＋不定式的用法）
我们不可能赶上第一班车。（考查不定式做主语）
学英语的学生必须有本好字典。（考查不定式做主语，同时考察不定式的逻辑主语）
他是我们班唯一说英语的人。（考查不定式作定语）
他说话太快，我们跟不上。（考查too…to…结构，不定式作状语）
大厅足够大，能容纳一百人。（考查enough…to…结构，不定式作状语）
起床后妈妈会提醒我洗脸。（考查不定式作宾补）
为了不让我们失望，你必须遵守你的诺言。（考查不定式作状语）
参考答案
It takes ten minutes to walk there.
What to do next is not decided / hasn't been decided.
It is impossible for us to catch the first bus.
It is necessary for a student of English to have a good dictionary.
He is the only one in our class to speak English.
He speaks too fast for us to follow.
The hall is large enough to hold one hundred people.
My mother will remind me to wash my face after I get up.
You must keep your promise in order not to let us down.
改正下列句子中的语法错误：
1、He gave me a piece of paper to write on it.
2、How many people are there for you to interview them？
3、Do you think a preposition（介词）is a good word to end a sentence with it？
4、I've got several telephone calls to make them this morning.
5、This is a difficult to put it into English.
（二）动名词（doing）
1、动名词的语法功能
（1）作主语
Swimming is never as fast as running.
注意：动名词（或动名词短语）作主语时，有时句中使用形式主语it，如：
It is no use talking about it.
谈论此事并无用处。
注意：
不定式和动名词都可以做主语，在意义上区别不大。
例如：
It is impossible to get there before dark.
It is impossible getting there before dark.
但在下列固定结构中，只能用动名词做主语，不能用不定式：
It is no good doing…
It is no use doing…
It is worthwhile doing…
It is a waste of time doing…
例如：
It is no good objecting反对没有用。
It is no use crying哭没有用。
It's worthwhile reading the book.读这本书很值。
（2）作宾语（动词或介词的宾语）
Would you mind waiting for a moment？
有少数动词用动名词作宾语，如下所示：
acknowledge承认 admit 承认 appreciate 感激
avoid避免 delay延迟 deny否认
escape逃避 keep保持 mind 介意
permit 允许 postpone延迟 resist抵抗
risk冒险 prevent阻止 quit放弃停止
recommend 推荐 suggest建议
注意：
有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
①forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）
forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）
②remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）
remember doing记得做过某事（已做）
③regret to do对要做的事遗憾
regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔
④try to do努力、企图做某事
try doing试验、试一试某种办法
⑤mean to do打算，有意要…
mean doing意味着
⑥go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）
go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）
⑦propose to do 打算（要做某事）
propose doing建议（做某事）
⑧stop to do 停下来去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
⑨be used to doing sth.习惯于…
used to do过去曾经…
2、动名词的逻辑主语
一般情况下，动名词的逻辑主语是谓语动词的主语；如果动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动词的主语时，则需要有自己的逻辑主语。用作动名词逻辑主语的词类有：物主代词和名词所有格。试比较：
Tom insisted on going with them.（He went with them）
汤姆坚持要和他们一起去。（他去了）
Tom insisted on my going with them.（I went with them）
汤姆坚持要我和他们一起去。
His taking part in the work will help us a lot.
他参加这项工作对我们有很大帮助。（物主代词）
但是，如果动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语相同，则不应再有主语：
She regrets_____idle when young.
A.To have been
B.her being
C.her having been
D.having been
答案：D
注：
动名词作宾语时，常可以用人称代词宾格或名词的普通格，如：
He doesn't like my father and me interfering in her affairs.
她不愿意我父亲和我干涉她的事情。（名词普通格或人称代词宾格）
3、动名词的时态和语态
（1）完成式：
如果表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用动名词的完成时，形式为：having done。例如：
He was praised for having made a great contribution to his country.
His having been elected chairman of the club surprised us.
（2）被动式
当动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者时，该动名词要用被动式。形式为：being done。例如：
He did it without being asked.
We insisted on being given the task.
考试重点：
动名词在固定结构中的使用
1、have difficulty /trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time + （in）+doing
例如：
We had difficulty （in）carrying out the plan.
这一结构变化一下后，形成“There is +difficulty/trouble + pleasure+（in）doing”。
例如：
Will there be any difficulty （in）getting a driving license？
There was some trouble （in）reading her handwriting.
2、feel like + 名词/动名词 “想要” （=would like to +原形动词）
例如：
I feel like a newborn baby.
Do you feel like going to a movie？
3、spend/waste time doing sth.
例如：
They spent a lot time （in）making preparations.
4、cannot help doing sth.忍不住（做什么）
例如：
I cannot help laughing，once I see john in that big trouser.
注意：
这一句型要和can not help but do（不得不）以及can not but do（不得不）区分开来。
5、something need/want/deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要（修、清理等）”意思。
例如：
Your bike needs repairing.
（= Your bike needs to be repaired）
6、be busy doing sth.忙于干某事
例如：
I am busy doing my homework.
7、be worth doing sth.值得…
例如：
The plan is worth considering.
8、What about/how about doing …怎么样？
例如：
What about having a game of table tennis？
How about going on a picnic？
动名词练习
翻译下列句子：
强迫孩子学习是没有好处的。（考查动名词做主语的固定句型）
明天去看电影怎么样？（考查关于动名词的固定句型）
那个小镇值得参观。（考查关于动名词的固定句型）
没有必要查阅每个生词。（考查关于动名词的固定句型）
请医生没用，已经太晚了。（考查动名词做主语的固定句型）
参考答案：
It's no good forcing children to learn.
How about seeing a movie tomorrow？
The little town is worth visiting.
There is no need/point in looking up every new word.
It is no use sending for the doctor，for it is too late.
（三）分词（v + ing 和v + ed）
1、分词的语法功能
分词在句中可作定语、状语、补足语和表语
作定语
现在分词表示主动，进行，过去分词表示被动，完成。
注意：
现在分词作定语时，表示正在进行的动作，或表示现状。同时表示主动。
例如：
Give the note to the man sitting at that desk.
过去分词作定语时，表示完成的动作。同时表示被动。有时过去分词仅仅表示被动。
例如：
We've met the doctor sent to work here by the city hospital.（表被动和完成）
Some of the questions _____ in the book are easy to perform.（仅表被动）
A.being described
B.described
C.to be described
D.Having been described
答案：B
不定式作定语表示即将发生的动作。
例如：
The question _____ tomorrow is whether income tax should be increased.
A.to be debated
B.to debate
C.debated
D.is debated
答案：A
作状语
分词或分词短语可作状语，说明谓语表示的动作发生的时间、条件、原因、结果、伴随情况、行为方式或对谓语加以补充说明等。现在分词作状语含有主动的意思，过去分词作状语含有被动的意思，或是表示状态。
例如：
① ______ ，he had asked three persons before he got there.
A.Not knowing where was the bookstore
B.Knowing not where the bookstore was
C.Not knowing where the bookstore was
D.Not to know where the bookstore was
答案：C
②______ from space，our earth，with water covering 70% of its surface，appears as a “blue planet”。
A.Seen
B.Seeing
C.To be seen
D.Having seen
答案：A
注意：
分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。
例如：
Waiting for a bus，a stone hit me.
By swimming an hour everyday，Jane's weight was reduced from 120 to 110 pounds.
Made of plastic，I didn't expect the chairs would be that strong.
以上三句话应当分别改为：
While I was waiting for the bus，a stone hit me.
By swimming an hour everyday，Jane reduced her weight from 120 to 110 pounds.
As the chairs were made of plastic，I didn't expect they would be that strong.
分词的独立结构
分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语和主句谓语动词的一致性。否则，分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称为分词独立结构。
例如：
The work done，they put away their tools and left the workshop.
（= When the work has been done，they put away their tools and left the workshop.）
His health failing，he decided to retire from office.
（= Since his health failed，he decided to retire from office.）
分词独立结构有时还可由介词with，without引出，通常用于补充说明或表示伴随情况，有时也有时间、原因、条件、结果等含义，翻译时可根据上下文译为“随着…”，“…之后”，“由于”等，有时也可不译出，如：
With summer coming on，it's time to buy air conditioners.
出题形式与应对策略：
______ ，they went swimming.
A.Being a hot day
B.It was a hot day
C.Due to a hot day
D.The day being hot
答案：D
①首先看题干，逗号的后面是一个完整的句子，两部分用逗号连接，现在我们必须清楚的是逗号并不能连接两个并列句，不等于连词and，因此选项B是错误的。但是，在考察分词作状语或分词的独立结构作状语的时候，四个选项中会有像选项B这样的选项。也就是说下列结构是错误的：
×It was a hot day，they went swimming.
√It was a hot day，and they went swimming.
√Since it was a hot day，they went swimming.
注：英语的语法是显性的，句子之间的各种关系要体现在形式上，而汉语的语法则是隐形的，句子之间的各种关系要语义来传达。
小练习
把下列划线的句子改为分词结构：
1、As the secretary was away，Mr Green had to type his final grade.
2、Since Mother was ill，I offered to do the cooking.
3、The machine consists of three parts，each of which has its own motor.
4、When class was over，the students went to the playground to watch the ball game.
5、Because the book was written in English，we found it easy to read.
6、Because a heavy rain flooded the road，he returned three days late than expected.
7、He prayed silently and his eyes were closed.
参考答案：
1、The secretary being away， …
2、Mother being ill， …
3、…， each having its own motor.
4、Class being over，…
5、The book being written in English，…
6、A heavy rain flooding the road，…
7、…，his eyes closed.
作宾语补足语
注意1：
使役动词have，make，get的后面可以接过去分词作宾补，keep的后面则接现在分词作宾补。在“have+ sth.+过去分词”的结构中，宾语补语所表示的动作往往是由别人来完成的。
例如：
①“I can't see the blackboard very well.”
“Perhaps you need ______ .”
A.to examine your eyes.
B.to have examined your eyes.
C.having your eyes examined.
D.to have your eyes examined.
答案：D
②When visiting a foreign country，I sometimes found it difficult_____.
A.to make myself understood
B.to make others understand myself
C.to make myself understand
D.making others understand me
答案：A
③There was so much noise outside that the speaker could hardly______.
A.make the audience hear
B.make himself be heard
C.make that the audience would hear
D.make himself heard
答案：D
It's about the time we got the kitchen repainted.
I'll try not to keep you waiting.
You'd better keep the engine running all night.
注意2：
表示感觉的动词notice，find，see，watch，hear，smell，feel等后面可以接现在分词作宾补，表示动作正在进行。
例如：
Did you smell something ______ .
A.having burnt
B.to have burnt
C.burning
D.to be burning
答案：C
We watched the workmen sawing the trees.
作表语
注意：
现在分词作表语表示主语的特征，常用于事物；过去分词作表语表示主语的状态，常用于人。
例如：
The game sound interesting.
I am interested in the game.
这类词常见的有：
interesting使人感到高兴 ─ interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的 ─ excited感到激动的
disappointing令人失望的 ─ disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的 ─ encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的 ─ pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的 ─ puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的 ─ satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的 ─ surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的 ─ worried感到担心的
分词的时态和语态
现在分词有一般式和完成式，并有主动和被动语态。过去分词则只有一种形式，现以动词study为例：
主动/被动现在分词一般式：studying；being studied
完成式：having studied；having been studied
过去分词：studied
（1）现在分词的完成式：having done表示分词的动作发生在谓语动词之前。例如：
Having been there many times，he offered to be our guide.
Not having made adequate preparations，we postponed the sports meet.
（2）现在分词的被动式：being done，表示某一被动动作在讲话时正在发生，或与谓语的动作同时发生。例如：
Who is the patient being operated on？
正在被做手术的那位病人是谁？（作定语）
You will find the matter being talked about all over the town.
你会发现城里到处都在谈论这件事情。（作宾补）
非谓语动词练习
1.There are many kinds of metals， _______.
A.each having its special properties
B.having its special properties
C.one has its special properties
D.each has its special properties
答案：A
2._______ in the air，fuels give off heat.
A.To burn
B.Burned
C.To be burned
D.Being burned
答案：B
3.______ from space，our earth，with water covering 70% of its surface，appears as a “blue planet”.
A.Seen
B.Seeing
C.To be seen
D.Having seen
答案：A
4.Nobody can be set in motion without a force ____ on it.
A.act
B.to act
C.acting
D.acted
答案：C
5.He has already made up his mind.It's no use _____ him.
A.try to persuade
B.trying to persuade
C.to try to persuade
D.to try persuading
答案：B
6.There may be，somewhere outside the solar system，intelligent life _____ messages to us.
A.sends
B.sent
C.sending
D.has sent
答案：C
7.Beijing is now busy _____ the Olympic Games which is to be held in the year 2008.
A.preparing for
B.prepared for
C.to prepare for
D.prepare for
答案：A
8.The scientist didn't mind _____ and went on with his investigation.
A.laughing at
B.to be laughed at
C.being laughed at
D.laughed at
答案：C
9.What_____ next will be discussed at today's meeting.
A.will do
B.to do
C.shall we do
D.to be done
答案：D
10.Mr.Baker sent his son to the doctor ____ an X-ray check.
A.gives
B.to give
C.being given
D.to be given
答案：D
11._______ is one of good properties of this metal.
A.Light in weight
B.Having been light in weight
C.Be light in weight
D.Being light in weight
答案：D
12.He gave no opinion about the matter because he didn't want to risk______ in it.
A.to involve
B.being involved
C.to be involved
D.involving
答案：B
13.There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself_____.
A.hearing
B.being heard
C.to hear
D.heard
答案：D
14.With tears on her face，the old lady watched the little boy ______ to a hospital.
A.send
B.to do sent
C.being sent
D.sending
答案：C
15.Your experiment reports must be checked with care before_______.
A.handed them in
B.them handing in
C.being handed in
D.handing them in
答案：C
16.Mr.And Mrs.Smith didn't expect the house ______ so well.
A.to be decorated
B.to decorate
C.be decorated
D.decorating
答案：A
17.She was sitting in an armchair ____ a book.
A.reading
B.to read
C.to be reading
D.to have read
答案：A
18.While he was climbing the high mountain，he had his leg ____.
A.broke
B.break
C.broken
D.breaking
答案：C
19.Helen apologized for_____ to attend the party.
A.her not being able
B.her being not able
C.her to be not able
D.her not to be able
答案：B
20.They found the lecture hard _______.
A.to understand
B.to be understood
C.for understanding
D.for being understood
答案：A
翻译下面的句子：
1、你听得见有人在隔壁房间走动吗？（考查分词作宾补）
2、你得找人修修你的电视机。（考查分词作宾补）
3、请人把这份报告尽快打出来。（考查分词作宾补）
4、坦白说，我不喜欢你的态度。（考查分词作独立成分或插入语）
5、从他的口音判断，他一定是南方人。（考查分词作独立成分或插入语）
答案：
1.Do you hear someone moving in the next room？
2.You have to get your TV fixed.
3.Get this report typed as soon as possible.
4.Frankly speaking，I don't like your attitude.
5.Judging from his accent，he must be a southerner.
四、定语从句
（1）Before her marriage，she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai，______she belong.（1998.6）
A.Which
B.to where
C.to which
D.at which
（2）The investigation______will soon be published，was made by John.（1998.6）
A.at which the results
B.the results on which
C.whose results
D.at whose results.
（3）My vacation begins next Tuesday，______I will leave for Florida.（1999.6）
A.which
B.that
C.while
D.when
（4）A curve is a line______ no part is straight and which has no angle.（2001.6）
A.that
B.whose
C.in which
D.of which
（5）I will not forget the ten years______ we both spent in the little village.（2001.6）
A.when
B.during which
C.which
D.in which
（6）The grass______ many animals live is abundant here.（2003.4）
A.by which
B.with which
C.on which
D.of which
（7）______is known to all，too much smoking will cause lung cancer.（2003.11）
A.That
B.It
C.As
D.What
（8）Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others，______ ，of course，made the others jealous.（2005.4）
A.who
B.what
C.that
D.which
「答案」CCD DCCCD
「评析」
从以上各题可以看出，定语从句的考查还是集中在关系词的选择，虽然也有关系词最一般的用法，但更多的是对特殊关系词的考查。总的说来有以下几点需要注意：
① 关系词的使用：一看先行词，二看关系词在从句中的作用。关系词的选择依据在于从句中所作的成分，先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who，whom，that，which，whose）；先行词在从句中作状语时，应选择关系副词（where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语），如（3）和（5）。
（5）I will not forget the ten years______ we both spent in the little village.
A.when
B.during which
C.which
D.in which
答案：C
（虽然先行词时为表示时间的词汇the ten years，但是the ten yeas在后面的定语从句中作spent的宾语，因此应当用关系代词which来引导这个定语从句，而不是关系副词when.）
（3）My vacation begins next Tuesday，______ I will leave for Florida.（1999.6）
A.which
B.that
C.while
D.when
答案：D
（先行词next Tuesday在后面的定语从句中作状语，因此应当用关系副词when来引导这个定语从句。）
在此基础上熟记几个常用的固定句式，如：
the same … as
such … as
当看到先行词前有the same 或such修饰时，可直接从选项中找as，选择就变得比较简单，这时用不着考虑先行词是人还是物。
② 关系词在句中作定语，应当用关系词whose，如（2）：
（2）The investigation______ will soon be published，was made by John.（1998.6）
A.at which the results B.the results on which
C.whose results D.at whose results.
答案：C
同学们应该熟悉关系词作定语时的各种变体，作定语的关系词可有以下变体，试比较：
the office whose windows are broken
the office the windows of which are broken
the office of which the windows are broken
上面的（4）题就属于the windows of which这种形式：
（4）A curve is a line______ no part is straight and which has no angle.
A.that B.whose C.in which D.of which
答案：D
先行词是人时，同样也可有这三种形式，如：
the professor whose car was stolen
the professor the car of whom was stolen
the professor of whom the car was stolen
③注意“介词 + which/whom”的结构作关系词
从三级考试对定语从句的测试来看，主要考查的是介词的选择。“介词 + which/whom”主要有以下几种情况：
A. 介词是句中短语搭配的一部分，如（1）和（6）：
（1）Before her marriage，she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai，she belong.（1998.6）
A.Which
B.to where
C.to which
D.at which
答案：C
（“属于”要用belong to，关系代词在句中作宾语，同时定语从句以介词结尾，因此把介词提前，形成to which she belong的结构。 ）
（6）The grass______many animals live is abundant here.（2003.4）
A.by which B.with which C.on which D.of which
答案：C
再如：
We need a chairman ______.
A.for whom everyone has confidence
B.in whom everyone has confidence
C.who everyone has confidence of
D.whom everyone has confidence on
答案：B
（表示“信任某人”要用have confidence in somebody，所以作定语，应该用a chairman in whom … has confidence.）
B.“部分 + of + 整体名词”的结构，该结构作关系词也就是 “部分名词 + of which/whom”的结构。
如：
He invited many scientists to his birthday party， many of ______ were his old classmates.
A.whom
B.them
C.which
D.that
答案：A
这里很自然地会有many of whom 与many of them的选择。
C.在大多数情况下，要看关系词与先行词之间的关系，以确定选择什么样的介词。
④ 注意as引导的非限制性定语从句的用法
as引导非限制性定语从句时，可置于句首，也可置于句尾，表示“正如……”。如（7）：
（7）______is known to all，too much smoking will cause lung cancer.（2003.11）
A.That
B.It
C.As
D.What
答案：C
再如：The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things，______ is often the case in other countries.
A.as
B.what
C.so
D.that
答案：A
______ might be expected，the response to the question was very mixed.
A.As
B.That
C.It
D.What
答案：A
一般as引导定语从句时，其先行词为整个主句。which引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词也可以是主句或主句中的一部分。
⑤ 注意先行词为时间、地点或原因时，关系词的选用。如果用when， where 或why，关系词在从句中应该是作状语，否则的话则应该用which/that等。如上面（5）中：
（5）I will not forget the ten years______we both spent in the little village.（2001.6）
A.when
B.during which
C.which
D.in which
答案：C
先行词作spent的宾语，只能用which.
再如：
I've never been to Beijing， but it is the place ______.
A.where I'd like to visit
B.in which I'd like to visit
C.I most want to visit
D.that I want to visit it most
答案：D
先行词在从句中visit的宾语，关系词不能用where，而只能是that/which.
⑥注意定语从句与同位语从句的区别。如：
There are signs ______ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A.that
B.which
C.in which
D.whose
答案：A
由于signs与后面的restaurants没有修饰和被修饰关系，所以whose不对，如果是定语从句，关系词代替signs，而从句中不需要该词。所以这里不是定语从句而是同位语从句，从句表示sign的内容。
再如：
The fact______ he does so in so short period of time challenges explanation.（2003.4）
A.why
B.that
C.what
D.which
答案：B
Would the news______ he failed to pass the exam bother you？（2003.4）
A.which
B.that
C.of which
D.on which
答案：B
⑦先行词为reason时，关系词用why，先行词为 the way时，关系词用that或in which。例如：
That is the reason______ Ann could not do her part of the job.（1992.6）
A.that
B.of
C.which
D.why
答案：D
⑧ 定语从句中的插入语
有时候，在定语从句的先行词和谓语动词之间会插入一个小句或者一个副词短语，这样就会造成理解上的困难。我们在做题时只要把这些插入语删除，然后按照定语从句的语法规则去做就可以了。
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